Panda oleosa

Family

Pandaceae

Synonyms

Vernacular names

Origin and geographic distribution

Panda oleosa occurs from Liberia east to the Central African Republic and DR Congo.

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Uses

An oil is extracted from the seeds for domestic use in the kitchen. The seeds are eaten after cooking. In Gabon pounded seeds are added to sauces, soups and stews in the same way as fruit kernels of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill. The wood is used for carpentry and canoes. Several plant parts are used in traditional medicine. The bark is used internally to treat abdominal troubles, threatened abortion, intestinal parasites and blennorrhoea, and as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and aphrodisiac. It is applied externally to treat rheumatism, wounds, yaws, sores, whitlow, swellings and haemorrhoids. A root decoction is taken against bronchial affections. The seed oil is applied to ulcers, pounded roasted seeds to burns. A leaf infusion is used as an enema to treat dysmenorrhoea, and pounded leaves are rubbed on the body as a tonic. The nectar from the flowers is collected by honey bees.

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Production and international trade

In Gabon seeds are sold on local markets.

Properties

Semi-dried seeds of Panda oleosa contain per 100 g: water 26.8 g, energy 2085 kJ (498 kcal), protein 15.3 g, fat 51.5 g, carbohydrate 3.3 g, Ca 85 mg, P 174 mg. Dried seeds contain per 100 g: water 4.8 g, energy 2315 kJ (553 kcal), protein 23.4 g, fat 45.2 g, carbohydrate 22.9 g, fibre 6.0 g, Ca 371 mg, P 523 mg (Leung, Busson & Jardin, 1968).
Seeds contain about 50% of oil on a dry matter basis. The fatty acid composition of the seed oil is: myristic acid 1%, palmitic acid 26%, stearic acid 6%, arachidic acid 0.5%, oleic acid 33.5% and linoleic acid 32.5%.
The wood is brownish yellow to pinkish red, with irregular grain and fine texture. It is moderately heavy, with a density of 645–670 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content. At 12% moisture content, the modulus of elasticity is 11,760–14,210 N/mm², compression parallel to grain 51–54 N/mm², compression perpendicular to grain 3 N/mm² and Chalais-Meudon side hardness 2.4–2.5.
In screening tests bark of Panda oleosa exhibited HIV-inhibitory activity. The flavonol constituent ent-4’- O-methylgallocatechin was isolated from the bark, but the anti-HIV activity was probably mainly produced by tannins.

Botany

Small to medium-sized, dioecious, evergreen tree up to 20(–35) m tall; bole cylindrical or sinuous, up to 80(–100) cm in diameter, often with short buttresses at base; bark surface greenish brown to dark brown specked greyish, inner bark rose-violet with dark purplish brown spots; crown dense, strongly branched; young twigs angular, glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple; stipules narrowly lanceolate, small, caducous; petiole 0.5–1.5 cm long, channelled above; blade elliptical to oblong-elliptical, 10–30 cm × 4–13 cm, cuneate to rounded at base, acuminate at apex, margins wavy to toothed, leathery, glabrous, pinnately veined with 4–7 pairs of lateral veins. Inflorescence a raceme 15–35 cm long, solitary or in fascicles on older branches, shortly hairy. Flowers unisexual, regular, 5-merous; pedicel 1.5–4 mm long, jointed; calyx cupule-shaped, c. 1 mm long, obscurely toothed; petals free, oblong-elliptical to lanceolate, c. 5 mm × 2 mm, red; male flowers with 10 stamens in 2 whorls unequal in length and rudimentary ovary; female flowers with superior, 3(–4)-celled ovary and a short style ending in 3(–4) long stigmas. Fruit a globose drupe 5–7 cm in diameter, yellowish green; pyrene with thick, woody, pitted wall, 3(–4)-seeded. Seeds triangular-ovoid, concave, c. 2 cm long, compressed, glossy brown. Seedling with epigeal germination; hypocotyl 12–20 cm long, epicotyl c. 3 cm, cotyledons broadly obtriangular, 6–8 cm broad, broadly notched at apex.
Panda oleosa grows slowly. In Gabon seedlings were 35–40 cm tall 15 months after germination. The base of the bole is often swollen and pitted, caused by elephant damage. Young leaves are vivid red-pink. Many trees produce fruits each year, and fruits may persist on the tree for several months. The fruits are commonly eaten by elephants, which disperse the seeds in their dung. However, germinating seeds are sometimes also found in areas without elephants. The fruit stone (pyrene) is hard to crack, but in West Africa chimpanzees use stones for cracking. It is sometimes also opened by squirrels.
Panda comprises a single species. Together with the African genera Centroplacus and Microdesmis and the Asian Galearia it is classified in the family Pandaceae.

Description

Anatomy

Wood-anatomical description (IAWA hardwood codes):
Growth rings: 2: growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Vessels: 5: wood diffuse-porous; 7: vessels in diagonal and/or radial pattern; (10: vessels in radial multiples of 4 or more common); 13: simple perforation plates; 14: scalariform perforation plates; 15: scalariform perforation plates with ≤ 10 bars; 22: intervessel pits alternate; (24: intervessel pits minute (≤ 4 μm)); 25: intervessel pits small (4–7 μm); 31: vessel-ray pits with much reduced borders to apparently simple: pits rounded or angular; 32: vessel-ray pits with much reduced borders to apparently simple: pits horizontal (scalariform, gash-like) to vertical (palisade); 41: mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina 50–100 μm; 42: mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina 100–200 μm; 48: 20–40 vessels per square millimetre; (56: tyloses common). Tracheids and fibres: 61: fibres with simple to minutely bordered pits; 66: non-septate fibres present; 70: fibres very thick-walled. Axial parenchyma: 77: axial parenchyma diffuse- in-aggregates; (78: axial parenchyma scanty paratracheal); (86: axial parenchyma in narrow bands or lines up to three cells wide); (88: axial parenchyma scalariform); 92: four (3–4) cells per parenchyma strand; 93: eight (5–8) cells per parenchyma strand; 94: over eight cells per parenchyma strand. Rays: 98: larger rays commonly 4- to 10-seriate; 108: body ray cells procumbent with over 4 rows of upright and/or square marginal cells; 115: 4–12 rays per mm; 116: ≥ 12 rays per mm. Mineral inclusions: 136: prismatic crystals present; 137: prismatic crystals in upright and/or square ray cells; 140: prismatic crystals in chambered upright and/or square ray cells; 142: prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells.
(P. Ng’andwe, H. Beeckman & P.E. Gasson)

Ecology

Panda oleosa is usually un understorey tree in evergreen to semi-deciduous forest, usually in primary forest, in swampy as well as dry sites. It can also be found in riverine and periodically flooded forest.

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Management

Seeds germinate slowly, starting after 10 months to 4 years. Seedlings survive in the shade of the forest, but they are most common in openings in the forest canopy. In general, seedlings are not common in the forest, although older trees are gregarious in many areas. Sometimes large numbers of young seedlings have been observed around a mother tree, but survival rates are low. In Gabon the fruit stones are collected on the forest floor and the seeds are extracted after cutting open the hard wall with a chopping-knife, which is a dangerous task.

Genetic resources and breeding

Panda oleosa is fairly widespread and locally common, and there are no indications that it is threatened by genetic erosion.

Prospects

The edible seeds of Panda oleosa and their oil are an interesting forest product in several countries. Domestication programmes are hindered by the slow germination and growth and therefore sustainable harvesting from the natural forest seems to offer the greatest opportunities. The difficulties in opening the hard fruit stone wall are a drawback in marketing the seeds.

Major references

• Bokesch, H.R., McKee, T.C., Cardellina II, J.H. & Boyd, M.R., 1994. Ent-4’-O methylgallocatechin from Panda oleosa. Natural Products Letters 4: 155–157.
• Bourobou-Bourobou, H., 1994. Biologie et domestication de quelques arbres fruitiers de la forêt du Gabon. Thèse Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Montpellier, France. 340 pp.
• Burkill, H.M., 1997. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd Edition. Volume 4, Families M–R. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. 969 pp.
• Nziengui, B., 2001. Une recette locale : alimentation par les plantes; peut-on revaloriser le savoir de nos ancêtres? L’exemple de Panda oleosa. Le Cri du Pangolin 28: 16.
• Villiers, J.-F., 1973. Pandaceae. Flore du Gabon. Volume 22. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. pp. 14–30.

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Other references

• Busson, F., 1965. Plantes alimentaires de l’ouest Africain: étude botanique, biologique et chimique. Leconte, Marseille, France. 568 pp.
• Garcia, J., Massoma, T., Morin, C., Mpondo, T.N. & Nyasse, B., 1993. 4’-O-Methylgallocatechin from Panda oleosa. Phytochemistry 32(6): 1626–1628.
• Hawthorne, W.D., 1995. Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Tropical Forestry Papers 29. Oxford Forestry Institute, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. 345 pp.
• Hawthorne, W.D. & Parren, M.P.E., 2000. How important are forest elephants to the survival of woody plant species in Upper Guinea forests? Journal of Tropical Ecology 16: 133–150.
• InsideWood, undated. [Internet] http://insidewood.lib.ncsu.edu/search/. Accessed May 2007.
• Leung, W.-T.W., Busson, F. & Jardin, C., 1968. Food composition table for use in Africa. FAO, Rome, Italy. 306 pp.
• Neuwinger, H.D., 2000. African traditional medicine: a dictionary of plant use and applications. Medpharm Scientific, Stuttgart, Germany. 589 pp.
• Raponda-Walker, A. & Sillans, R., 1961. Les plantes utiles du Gabon. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, France. 614 pp.
• Robyns, W., 1958. Pandaceae. In: Robyns, W., Staner, P., Demaret, F., Germain, R., Gilbert, G., Hauman, L., Homès, M., Jurion, F., Lebrun, J., Vanden Abeele, M. & Boutique, R. (Editors). Flore du Congo belge et du Ruanda-Urundi. Spermatophytes. Volume 7. Institut National pour l’Étude Agronomique du Congo belge, Brussels, Belgium. pp. 1–4.
• Takahashi, A., 1978. Compilation of data on the mechanical properties of foreign woods (part 3) Africa. Shimane University, Matsue, Japan, 248 pp.
• White, L. & Abernethy, K., 1997. A guide to the vegetation of the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. 2nd edition. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, United States. 224 pp.

Afriref references

Sources of illustration

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Author(s)

•	R.H.M.J. Lemmens PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands

Editors

•	H.A.M. van der Vossen Steenuil 18, 1606 CA Venhuizen, Netherlands
•	G.S. Mkamilo Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania

General editors

•	R.H.M.J. Lemmens PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands
•	L.P.A. Oyen PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands

Photo editor

•	A. de Ruijter PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands

Correct citation of this article

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., 2007. Panda oleosa Pierre. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. van der Vossen, H.A.M. & Mkamilo, G.S. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>. Accessed .

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