Odyendyea gabonensis

Family

Simaroubaceae

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Synonyms

Quassia gabonensis Pierre (1896).

Vernacular names

Origin and geographic distribution

Odyendyea gabonensis is distributed in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Congo.

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Uses

The wood of Odyendyea gabonensis (trade name: onzan, onzang, mbanko) is used for making musical instruments, mallets to beat bark for house construction, spoons, and bells for hunting dogs. In general it is considered suitable for ship and boat building, furniture and cabinet work, frame moulding, light boxes and crates, interior trim, matches, toys and novelties, veneer and plywood, hardboard and particle board, wood-wool, and as pulpwood.
A flour is prepared from the seeds that is used as a condiment in sauces. Fat extracted from the seeds can be eaten raw and is also made into various medicines. A mixture of the pounded leaves with palm oil is rubbed on the head against head lice, or the head is washed with a maceration of the bark for the same purpose. A decoction of the bark is taken against stomach-ache, bronchitis and lung complaints. The ground bark mixed with palm oil is applied as a salve to treat psoriasis. The flowers attract honeybees.

Properties

The heartwood is pale yellow and lustrous; it is not demarcated from the sapwood. The grain is fairly regular, sometimes irregular, texture medium to coarse; quarter-sawn surfaces occasionally have a mottled figure. The wood is lightweight with a density of about 380 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content. Shrinkage rates are 3.4% radial and 5.7% tangential from green to oven dry. The wood seasons rapidly with little splitting. The wood is soft and brittle. At 12% moisture content, the modulus of rupture is about 55 N/mm², modulus of elasticity 5700 N/mm², compression parallel to grain 28 N/mm², shear 2.2 N/mm², cleavage 9.7 N/mm and Chalais Meudon side hardness 0.9.
Seasoned wood saws easily and planes well. Screws and nails are applied easily, with little tendency for the wood to split, but it does not hold nails well. The wood peels and slices easily, but as the logs are deeply fluted peeling is not recommended.
The wood has a low durability, being liable to fungal attack and susceptible to termites, powder-post beetles (Lyctus) and dry-wood borers. The heartwood and sapwood are fairly permeable for preservatives and can be treated using pressure methods.
The ultimate fibres are 1.1 mm long and 27 μm wide, with a lumen diameter of 19 μm and a cell wall thickness of 7 μm. The wood can be pulped satisfactorily using the kraft or sulphite processes.
Cytotoxic quassinoids have been isolated from the bark.

Botany

Medium-sized to fairly large tree up to 40 m tall; bole branchless for up to 24 m, up to 200 cm in diameter, usually straight, deeply fluted over its entire height; outer bark grey to greyish green, finely longitudinally cracked, inner bark thick, fibrous, pale yellow; crown spherical; branches thick, cylindrical, blackish. Leaves arranged spirally, imparipinnately compound with 4–6 pairs of leaflets, glabrous; stipules absent; rachis 30–50 cm long, channelled at base; petiolules c. 3 mm long, channelled; leaflets oblong, up to 12 cm × 5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, apex truncate or slightly notched, leathery, pinnately veined with c. 10 pairs of hardly visible lateral veins almost perpendicular to midrib. Inflorescence a terminal panicle shorter than the leaves, branches glabrous. Flowers unisexual or bisexual, regular, 4(–5)-merous; pedicel c. 3 mm long; calyx cupule-shaped, with short obtuse lobes; petals c. 5 mm long, glabrous outside, pubescent inside; stamens 8(–10), c. 8 mm long; ovary superior, consisting of 4 fused carpels. Fruit an obovoid drupe up to 7 cm long, grooved at one side, becoming red when ripe; pyrene with thick hard wall having a longitudinal crest, 1-seeded. Kernel thick, brown.
In Gabon Odyendyea gabonensis flowers in September. The fruits are eaten by porcupines, which reportedly makes the meat of these animals bitter.
Odyendyea comprises only 1 species.

Ecology

Odyendyea gabonensis occurs mainly in rainforest, in primary as well as in secondary forest, often on sandy soil. Although it nowhere occurs abundantly, it is locally common.

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Management

To prepare flour, the seeds are boiled for 2–3 hours, placed in running water for one week to eliminate bitterness, kept in a smokehouse to dry for one month, and crushed to obtain the flour.

Genetic resources and breeding

Although Odyendyea gabonensis is not mentioned in the IUCN Red list of threatened species, it has a restricted distribution and does not occur abundantly. Therefore, the species may become endangered as a result of ongoing logging activities.

Prospects

The wood of Odyendyea gabonensis is soft and not durable, and the logs are too much fluted to be useful for rotary peeling. Therefore, its importance is unlikely to increase beyond being used locally. Its applications in food and medicine deserve more attention.

Major references

• Aubréville, A., 1962. Simaroubacées. Flore du Gabon. Volume 3. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. pp. 33–52.
• Bolza, E. & Keating, W.G., 1972. African timbers: the properties, uses and characteristics of 700 species. Division of Building Research, CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia. 710 pp.
• Raponda-Walker, A. & Sillans, R., 1961. Les plantes utiles du Gabon. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, France. 614 pp.
• Takahashi, A., 1978. Compilation of data on the mechanical properties of foreign woods (part 3) Africa. Shimane University, Matsue, Japan, 248 pp.

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Other references

• CTFT (Centre Technique Forestier Tropical), undated. Résultat des observations et des essays effectués au Centre Technique Forestier Tropical sur l’onzan Odyendyea gabonensis Pierre (Simaroubacée). Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne, France. 4 pp.
• de Saint-Aubin, G., 1963. La forêt du Gabon. Publication No 21 du Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne, France. 208 pp.
• Neuwinger, H.D., 2000. African traditional medicine: a dictionary of plant use and applications. Medpharm Scientific, Stuttgart, Germany. 589 pp.
• Nooteboom, H.P., 1962. Generic delimitation in Simaroubaceae tribus Simaroubeae and a conspectus of the genus Quassia L. Blumea 11(2): 509–528.
• Nziengui, B., 2001. Des hommes et des habitudes: de la graine de Odyendyea gabonensis (Simaroubaceae) on obtient une farine pâteuse comestible. Le Cri du Pangolin 29: 16.
• Petroff, G., Doat, J. & Tissot, M., 1967. Caractéristiques papetières de quelques essences tropicales de reboisement. Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne, France. 166 pp.
• Waterman, P.G. & Ampofo, S.A., 1984. Cytotoxic quassinoids from Odyendyea gabonensis stem bark: isolation and high-field NMR. Planta Medica 50: 261–266.
• Wilks, C. & Issembé, Y., 2000. Les arbres de la Guinée Equatoriale: Guide pratique d’identification: région continentale. Projet CUREF, Bata, Guinée Equatoriale. 546 pp.

Sources of illustration

Author(s)

•	M. Brink PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands

Editors

•	D. Louppe CIRAD, Département Environnements et Sociétés, Cirad es-dir, Campus international de Baillarguet, TA C-DIR / B (Bât. C, Bur. 113), 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
•	A.A. Oteng-Amoako Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), University P.O. Box 63, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
•	M. Brink PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands

General editors

•	R.H.M.J. Lemmens PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands
•	L.P.A. Oyen PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands
•	J.R. Cobbinah Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), University P.O. Box 63, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana

Photo editor

•	G.H. Schmelzer PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands

Correct citation of this article

Brink, M., 2007. Odyendyea gabonensis (Pierre) Engl. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>. Accessed .

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