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| Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 9: 269 (1838). | |||
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| Asclepiadaceae (APG: Apocynaceae) | |||
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| 2n = 22 | |||
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| Leptadenia spartium Wight & Arn. (1834). | |||
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| Leptadenia pyrotechnica occurs in the northern Sahel region from Mauritania east to Djibouti and Somalia. It also occurs throughout northern Africa and from the Arabian Peninsula east to western India. | |||
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| In the Sahel a seed maceration is used as eye lotion and eye bath. The plant sap is rubbed on the skin to treat smallpox and dermatitis. An infusion of the aerial parts is taken as a diuretic to treat kidney disorders, kidney stones and cough. In the Hoggar region the twigs are macerated and the liquid drunk to treat urinary retention. In Sudan a root decoction is taken to treat constipation and colic. The smoke of the burnt stems is inhaled to treat rheumatism. In Yemen crushed stems are applied to wounds to stop bleeding. In Pakistan a stem decoction is taken as an antihistaminic and an expectorant. The roots are used for the same purposes, and are further used to treat stomach complaints, to prevent spontaneous abortion, to treat sterility and as a diuretic to treat venereal diseases. Smoke of burnt plant is inhaled to treat headache. In India a stem decoction is taken to treat gout and rheumatism. A root infusion is given to donkeys, horses and cattle to treat flatulence. Leaves and young shoots are commonly used as condiment or eaten as a vegetable. Young, slimy fruits are eaten. In Niger the shepherds eat the flower nectar. The plant is an important fodder; it is browsed to some extent by all stock, but especially by camels. In Pakistan it is planted between trees in reforested areas, and regularly cut for livestock fodder. The wood is used for firewood. The pith in the stems is used as tinder, and the twigs also make an inextinguishable slow-match. Twigs are commonly used as chew sticks for dental care. The bark yields an excellent non-rotting fibre (in India called ‘khip’ or ‘khimp’) good for cordage, fishing-lines and snares for catching small animals and birds. In Somalia the twigs are woven into wickerwork containers for milk and water, after which they are being coated with latex. In India carpets and containers are made from the stems; they are also used as thatch. The plant is a potential commercial fibre plant especially for ropes and textile mixtures with wool. It is also potentially useful in cellulose acetate and paper industries. The fibre is best extracted by retting, but as water is a limiting factor in the desert, branches are traditionally beaten to remove the pith. However, this method adversely affects the quality. Leptadenia pyrotechnica has been widely used in trials for sand dune stabilization. It has also been planted as fencing and for shelterbelts. As it is less palatable than other species, it tends to spread in overgrazed rangelands. | |||
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| From the aerial parts a wide range of compounds was isolated: n-triacontane, cetyl alcohol, lupanol 3-O-β-diglucoside, pyrotechnoic acid, leptidin, oleanolic acid, the terpenes phytol, squalene, fernenol, leptadenol, betulin, β-amyrin and taraxerol, the sterols cholesterol, campasterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and fucosterol, the flavonoids quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and glycosides thereof, a range of fatty acids (C14-C25), n-alkanols (C29-C39) and n-alkanes (C12-C36), as well as 3-tetradecene. Twenty-four alkaloids and 6 simple amines were detected in this plant. Almost all of the alkaloids belonged to pyridine, pyrrole, pyrazine, and indole types. Also, 18 aromatic hydrocarbons were isolated with 5-phenyl-undecane and 6-phenyl-tridecane as the major constituents. A series of cardiac glycosides, digitoxoside and glucopyranosyl derivatives, and pregnane glycosides were furthermore isolated. The pregnane glycosides had sarcostin, 11-hydroxysarcostin, and deacetylmetaplexigenin as the aglycon moieties and acetyl, benzoyl, cinnamoyl, p-coumaroyl, and nicotinoyl ester moieties linked at C-12 and/or C-20 of the aglycon and hexopyranose, 6-deoxy-3-O-methylhexopyranose, and 2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methylhexopyranose sugars linked at C-3 of their aglycon. The compounds having deacetylmetaplexigenin as aglycon and a cinnamoyl ester moiety linked at C-12 were the most active constituents with antiproliferative activity on three murine and human culture cell lines. The acute LC50 of the total lipid extract established by the brine shrimp toxicity test was 35.5 ppm. The acute LC50 of the total alkaloids and alcohol extracts established by the brine shrimp toxicity test were 63.1 and 11.9 ppm, respectively. The antitumor activities of these extracts, using potato disc screen, showed good activity, 33.6% and 49.3%, respectively. The acute LC50 of the cardiac glycosides established by the brine shrimp toxicity test was 18.8 ppm. The antitumor activity of the cardiac glycosides, using potato disk assays, showed good activity, 30.8%. The extracts were all toxic to highly toxic. Alcoholic stem and flower extracts significantly inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhi in vitro. Different stem extracts showed low antifungal activity in vitro against Fusarium oxysporum var. cumini. Mulching of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) with Leptadenia pyrotechnica stems lowered soil temperature during summer, but increased soil temperature during winter, in a field experiment in Pakistan. It also increased fruit yield of eggplant. The composition of fresh stems per 100 g edible portion is: protein 3.1 g, crude fibre 23.2 g, Fe 3.5 mg, Ca 156 mg, P 317 mg, Na 125 mg, K 226 mg and ascorbic acid 39 mg. Dried fruits contain per 100 g edible portion: protein 9.1%, crude fibre 29.9%, Ca 1.1%, P 0.6% and ascorbic acid 109.2 mg. The stem fibre contains 64.3% holocellulose, 30.5% α-cellulose, 16.1% lignin, 7.9% ethanol-benzene extractives, 39.4–41.2 kg/cm² strength, 39.7–42.1 mm length and has a favourable length/breadth ratio, which makes it suitable for use in blending with cotton or polyester fibres to produce blended textile yarns and in pulp and paper industries. | |||
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| Erect, much branched, broom-shaped, generally leafless shrub, up to 2.5(–3) m tall. Branches erect, slender, green when young, brown when older, slash yellow, latex translucent. Leaves opposite, entire, almost sessile, soon falling; stipules absent; blade ovate, oblong to linear, 5–6(–20) mm × 2.5–3 mm, base tapering, apex acute, glabrous. Inflorescence a small axillary umbellate cyme, c. 1.5 cm in diameter, peduncle 2.5–8 mm long. Flowers bisexual, regular, 5-merous, star-shaped, c. 2 mm in diameter; pedicel c. 2.5 mm long, short-hairy; calyx c. 1.5 mm long, lobes as long as the tube, short-hairy; corolla 3–3.5 mm long, tube c. 0.5 mm long, lobes ovate, 1.5–2 mm long, cream to yellowish green, short-hairy on both sides; corona lobes fleshy, c. 0.3 mm long; anthers curved over the stigmatic head, forming a gynostegium c. 0.5 mm long, apical appendages absent; ovary superior. Fruit a pair of slender, spindle-shaped follicles, 7.5–12 cm × 6–7(–15) mm, apex long-acuminate, glabrous, many-seeded. Seeds ovoid, flattened, 4–6 mm long, bearing a coma of long silky hairs at one end, 2.5–3.8 cm long. | |||
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| Leptadenia comprises 4 species occurring from Africa to India. Leptadenia pyrotechnica is most of the time leafless, whereas the other 3 species, Leptadenia hastata (Pers.) Decne., Leptadenia arborea (Forssk.) Schweinf. (synonym: Leptadenia heterophylla (Del.) Decne.) and Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. (synonym: Leptadenia madagascariensis Decne.) are leafy, twining shrubs. These 3 species form a species complex, and further taxonomic research might reveal that they should be considered as a single species. Leptadenia arborea occurs from West Africa east to Arabia. In Sudan a root decoction is drunk to treat gonorrhoea, constipation and colic. The roots are given to cattle and horses to treat flatulence. The plant is considered excellent forage for all livestock. Children eat the ripe fruits. The plant can be cultivated as an ornamental by training it as a vine over a pergola or wall. From the leaves, stems and fruits β-amyrin, α-amyrin, a mixture of campesterol and stigmasterol, pinoresinol, syringaresinol, leucanthemitol and ferulaldehyde were isolated. Syringaresinol has shown an inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase. The IC50 of syringaresinol was 200 μg/ml. | |||
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| Leptadenia pyrotechnica flowers in the late dry season. It can have flowers and fruits simultaneously. It occurs in a leafless state almost throughout the year, only young shoots have leaves for a short period of time. | |||
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| Leptadenia pyrotechnica grows commonly and sometimes gregariously on sand-dunes, including coastal dunes and temporary river beds, on well-drained sandy soils, from sea-level up to 1000 m altitude. It is a characteristic of Acacia grassland, deciduous bush land and grassland in semi-arid areas. It is very drought-resistant, and can grow with 100–450 mm rain/year, but suitable for cultivation is 150–350 mm/year. It can tolerate high pH and high exchangeable sodium and potassium. | |||
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| Leptadenia pyrotechnica is propagated by seed. Seed weight is 4.8 g/1000 seeds. In laboratory tests, there was 56% germination at 30°C, and 2.7% germination at 25°C. Only ripe fruits should be collected and allowed to open naturally, to ensure good viability of the seeds. Seeds are sown in the shade in containers at 1000 seeds/m² and covered with 3–5 mm sand; watering is done in the morning and evening. At 2-leaf stage, when the seedlings are 4–5 cm tall, they are transplanted to pots. At 4–6 months, the young plants can be transplanted in the field, after the shade has been reduced. Seedlings possess distinct leaves for a considerable period, but become leafless at a later stage. | |||
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| The stems of Leptadenia pyrotechnica can be harvested whenever the need arises. | |||
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| Leptadenia pyrotechnica is widespread in tropical Africa and is not threatened by genetic erosion. | |||
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| Leptadenia pyrotechnica has many traditional medicinal uses, and phytochemical analyses showed the presence of many interesting pharmacological compounds. However, not much research has been done to link the medicinal uses to specific phytochemical compounds. As Leptadenia pyrotechnica contains many alkaloids and cardiac glycosides, a safety profile needs to be established. Leptadenia pyrotechnica has furthermore potential to be developed as a fiber plant for industrial use, and also has much potential as a stabilizer of sandy soils. | |||
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| • Afifi, M.S., Hassan, M.A., El-Gamal, A.A., Badria, F.A. & El-Sebai, M.F., 2002. Phytochemical and biological investigation of Leptadenia pyrotechnica Decne growing in Egypt. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 18(2): 122–138. • Arbonnier, M., 2004. Trees, shrubs and lianas of West African dry zones. CIRAD, Margraf Publishers Gmbh, MNHN, Paris, France. 573 pp. • Baerts, M. & Lehmann, J., 2011. Leptadenia pyrotechnica. [Internet] Prelude Medicinal Plants Database. Metafro-Infosys, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium http://www.metafro.be/prelude. Accessed January 2011. • Booth, F.E.M. & Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO Conservation Guide No 19. FAO, Rome, Italy. 176 pp. • Bullock, A.A., 1955. Notes on African Asclepiadaceae 6. Kew Bulletin 1955: 265–292. • Cioffi, G., Sanogo, R., Vassallo, A., Dal Piaz, F., Autore, G., Marzocco, S. & De Tommasi, N., 2006. Pregnane glycosides from Leptadenia pyrotechnica. Journal of Natural Products 69(4): 625–635. • Choudhary, S. & Goyal, M., 2004. Utilization of arid vegetable kheep (Leptadenia pyrotechnica) for development of value added products. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences 33(3–4): 289–290. • Moustafa, A.M.Y., Khodair, A.I. & Saleh, M.A., 2007. Phytochemical investigation and toxicological studies of lipid constituents isolated from Leptadenia pyrotechnica. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2(8): 681–697. • Moustafa, A.M.Y., Khodair, A.I. & Saleh, M.A., 2009. GC-MS investigation and toxicological evaluation of alkaloids from Leptadenia pyrotechnica. Pharmaceutical Biology 47(1): 994–1003. • Moustafa, A.M.Y., Khodair, A.I. & Saleh, M.A., 2009. Isolation, structural elucidation of flavonoid constituents from Leptadenia pyrotechnica and evaluation of their toxicity and antitumor activity. Pharmaceutical Biology 47(6): 539–552. | |||
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| • Awasthi, O.P., Singh, I.S. & Sharma, B.D., 2005. Effect of mulch material on soil-hydrothermal regimes, growth and fruit yield of brinjal under arid conditions. Vegetable Science 32(1): 98–99. • Berge, G., Diallo, D. & Hveem, B., 2005. Les plantes sauvages du Sahel malien. Kartala, Paris. 330 pp. • Bhaduri, S.K & Mojumder, P., 2008. Medium density particle board from Khimp plant. Natural Product Radiance 7(2): 106–110. • Burkill, H.M., 1985. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd Edition. Volume 1, Families A–D. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. 960 pp. • Dhawan, A.K. & Singh, H., 1976. Properties of acid phosphatase from Leptadaenia pyrotechnica Forsk. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 14(3): 344–345. • Gehlot, D. & Bohra, A., 2002. Anti-salmonellae activity of stem extracts from arid zone plants. Advances in Plant Sciences 15(1): 25–27. • Gehlot, R.K., 2006. Nutritive value of some edible wild plants of the arid region of Rajasthan. Journal of Phytological Research 19(1): 147–148. • Iyer, A., Bhasin, V. & Joshi, B.C., 1974. Chemical investigation of Leptadenia spartium part 1. Herba Polonica 20(4): 321–324. • Joshi, B.C., Agrawal, V.P. & Kishore, D., 1988. Chemical investigation of Leptadenia spartium II. Herba Polonica 34(1–2): 85–86. • Khan, M.S. & Majid, A., 1985. Characterization of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Khip) seed oil. Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 4(1): 37–39. • Kiriiwa, Y., Hashimoto, T., Kato, T., Yokota, H. & Oishi, A., 2003. The root response of desert plant, Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne., to high pH condition. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 74(2): 211–214. • Manavalan, R., Chakravarti, S., Anand, S.M., Chawla, J.S. & Mithal, B.M., 1979. Investigations on desert plants - Leptadenia pyrotechnica and Crotalaria burhia for chemical grade pulp. Indian Pulp and Paper 33(6): 17–21. • Mojumder, P., Mondal, S.B., Mukhopadhya, S. & Sen, K.K., 2001. Chemical characterization of Khimp fibre (Leptadenia pyrotechnica). Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 60(8): 675–677. • Moustafa, A.M.Y., Khodair, A.I. & Saleh, M.A., 2009. Structural elucidation and evaluation of toxicity and antitumor activity of cardiac glycosides isolated from Leptadenia pyrotechnica. Pharmaceutical Biology 47(9): 826–834. • Nacoulma-Ouédraogo, O. & Millogo-Rasolodimby, J., 2002. Les frotte-dents comme produits cosmétiques et médicinaux au Burkina Faso. Etudes de la flore et la végétation de Burkina Faso 7: 49–54. • Sharma, S. & Bohra, A., 2003. Effect of extracts of some medicinal plants on Fusarium oxysporum var cumini. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 33(2): 323–324. • Sharma, K.D., Vangani, N.S., Singh, H.P., Bohra, D.N., Kalla, A.K. & Joshi, P.K., 1997. Evaluation of contour vegetative barriers as soil and water conservation measures in arid lands. Annals of Arid Zone 36(2): 123–127. | |||
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| • Gilbert, M., Goyder, D., Lavranos, J., Liede-Schumann, S., Thulin, M. & Venter, J., 2006. Apocynaceae (incl. Asclepiadaceae). In: Thulin, M. (Editor). Flora of Somalia. Volume 3. Angiospermae (cont.). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. p. 117–197. | |||
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| Sanogo, R., 2011. Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>. Accessed . | |||
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| General importance |  |
| Geographic coverage Africa |  |
| Geographic coverage World | |
| Vegetables | |
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| Medicinal use | |
| Fibre use | |
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