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| Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 99 (1895). | |||
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| Myristicaceae | |||
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| Coelocaryon klainei Pierre (1903). | |||
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| Coelocaryon preussii occurs from southern Benin and Nigeria east to the Central African Republic, and south to Gabon and DR Congo. | |||
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| The wood, known as ‘ekoune’ or ‘ekun’, is used for interior joinery, furniture, cabinet work, veneer and plywood. It is suitable for light construction, interior trim, ship building, toys, novelties, boxes, crates, matches, turnery, hardboard, particle board and pulpwood. Traditionally, it is used for planks and paddles. The seed contains an edible fat. The bark is commonly used in traditional medicine. Bark sap is taken to treat blood in the urine, dysmenorrhoea, dysentery and haemorrhoids, whereas bark decoctions or macerations are administered as expectorant, emetic and anodyne, and to treat cough, lung complaints, tachycardia, rheumatism and oedema. Bark decoctions are used as an enema to treat colic and diarrhoea, and bark powder is applied to wounds as haemostatic. | |||
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| Between 1961 and 1968 Equatorial Guinea exported on average 18,300 m³ of logs per year. In Gabon the export of ‘ekoune’ timber was small in 1991 with about 50 m³, but it increased to 7600 m³ in 1996, decreasing again to 140 m³ in 1999 and 240 m³ in 2005. Current export volumes are small. | |||
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| The heartwood is pale brown to yellowish brown, with darker markings, and indistinctly demarcated from the slightly paler, wide sapwood. The grain is straight, texture moderately fine. The wood is lustrous. It is lightweight to medium-weight with a density of 450–660 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content. It air dries easily without serious defects. The rates of shrinkage are moderate, from green to oven dry 3.0–5.1% radial and 6.2–8.5% tangential. Once dry, the wood is unstable to moderately stable in service. At 12% moisture content, the modulus of rupture is 73–124 N/mm², modulus of elasticity 7550–12,500 N/mm², compression parallel to grain 29–49 N/mm², shear 4–9 N/mm², cleavage 11–19 N/mm and Chalais-Meudon side hardness 1.4–4.0. The wood is easy to saw and work with both hand and machine tools. It nails and screws well, with good holding capacity. It glues, paints and varnishes satisfactorily, and has good peeling and slicing properties. It is not durable, being susceptible to termite, Lyctus and marine borer attacks. The wood is quite easy to treat with preservatives. The wood contains 42–47% cellulose, 27–33% lignin, 15–16% pentosan, 0.7–0.9% ash and very little silica. The solubility is 2.5–3.4% in alcohol-benzene, 2.4–3.1% in cold water and 17.3% in a 1% NaOH solution. A test on the kraft pulping characteristics of the wood showed satisfactory results with a yield of about 45%. The fat from the seed has a smell of cacao butter. Phytochemical screening of the bark showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins and terpenoids. | |||
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| The wood resembles that of Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb. and is used for similar purposes. | |||
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| Evergreen, dioecious, medium-sized to fairly large tree up to 35 m tall; bole branchless for up to 20 m, generally straight and cylindrical, up to 80(–110) cm in diameter, often grooved at base or with small buttresses; bark surface scaly with elongate scales, reddish brown, inner bark granular or fibrous, pinkish to yellowish brown with darker spots, with a creamy exudate; crown pyramidal, with horizontal branches; twigs glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple and entire; stipules absent; petiole 1–2 cm long, grooved above; blade obovate-oblong, 15–25 cm × 6–8 cm, cuneate at base, short-acuminate at apex, thin-leathery, glabrous, pinnately veined with 6–10 pairs of lateral veins. Inflorescence an axillary panicle up to 10(–15) cm long, short-hairy, with flowers in numerous umbel-shaped clusters, each cluster initially enclosed by an involucre and up to 30-flowered. Flowers unisexual, regular, up to 3 mm long, yellowish, with short pedicel, perianth cup-shaped, 3–4-lobed, reddish brown short-hairy; male flowers with 3–5 fused stamens, filaments merged into a column; female flowers with superior, ovoid, glabrous, 1-celled ovary, stigma 2-lobed. Fruit an ellipsoid to oblong or globose drupe 3.5–4 cm × 2.5–3 cm, in bunches of up to 3, yellowish when ripe, splitting longitudinally with 2 fleshy valves, 1-seeded. Seed ellipsoid, 2–3 cm × 1–1.5 cm, glossy dark purplish brown to blackish, with pink to red aril, laciniate almost to the base. Seedling with hypogeal germination. | |||
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| Coelocaryon comprises 4 species and is restricted to West and Central Africa. The wood of Coelocaryon oxycarpum Stapf, a medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall occurring from Senegal to Ghana, is used for similar purposes as that of Coelocaryon preussii. The bark sap is used as a purgative. Coelocaryon sphaerocarpum Fouilloy, a medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall occurring from Guinea to Côte d’Ivoire, provides a wood similar to that of Coelocaryon preussii. The leaves and seeds are used in traditional medicine to treat drowsiness. Coelocaryon botryoides Vermoesen is also a medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall, and occurs from south-eastern Nigeria and Cameroon to the Central African Republic and DR Congo. Its wood is also used for similar purposes. | |||
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| Wood-anatomical description (IAWA hardwood codes): Growth rings: 2: growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Vessels: 5: wood diffuse-porous; 13: simple perforation plates; 14: scalariform perforation plates; 15: scalariform perforation plates with ≤ 10 bars; 20: intervessel pits scalariform; 21: intervessel pits opposite; 22: intervessel pits alternate; 26: intervessel pits medium (7–10 μm); 32: vessel-ray pits with much reduced borders to apparently simple: pits horizontal (scalariform, gash-like) to vertical (palisade); 33: vessel-ray pits of two distinct sizes or types in the same ray cell; 42: mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina 100–200 μm; 46: ≤ 5 vessels per square millimetre; (47: 5–20 vessels per square millimetre). Tracheids and fibres: 61: fibres with simple to minutely bordered pits; (65: septate fibres present); 66: non-septate fibres present; 68: fibres very thin-walled; 69: fibres thin- to thick-walled. Axial parenchyma: 78: axial parenchyma scanty paratracheal; 93: eight (5–8) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays: 97: ray width 1–3 cells; (102: ray height > 1 mm); 106: body ray cells procumbent with one row of upright and/or square marginal cells; 107: body ray cells procumbent with mostly 2–4 rows of upright and/or square marginal cells; (108: body ray cells procumbent with over 4 rows of upright and/or square marginal cells); 115: 4–12 rays per mm. (R. Shanda, E. Uetimane, P. Baas & H. Beeckman) | |||
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| The growth of Coelocaryon preussii is slow. Seedlings reached only 20–30 cm tall after 10 months and 140 cm after 2 years. In Cameroon trees flower mainly in December–February and fruits ripen about 6 months later. In Guinea trees fruit in July–September, in Côte d’Ivoire usually in April–June. The seed aril is eaten by several animal species including hornbills, turacos, monkeys and chimpanzees, which disperse the seeds. | |||
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| Coelocaryon preussii is widespread in lowland rainforest up to 400 m altitude. It can be common in secondary forest, where it is often found in small clusters. It usually occurs on well-drained soils. | |||
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| There are about 375 seeds per kg. The seeds start germinating 2–6 weeks after sowing, but the germination rate is often very low. In the nursery, seedlings should be kept in the shade; there was no survival after planting in full sun. | |||
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| In the forest of Cameroon the average density of trees with a bole diameter of more than 60 cm is about 0.1 per ha, with an average wood volume of 0.3–0.6 m³/ha. In Gabon the average wood volume is locally 2 m³/ha, whereas an inventory in a large area in north-eastern Gabon resulted in an estimated average volume of 0.5–0.8 m³/ha. | |||
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| Studies in southern Cameroon showed that several insect species attack the trees, particularly shoot and wood borers and insects feeding on the leaves or sucking sap, but damage is usually only slight. | |||
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| Freshly harvested logs should be removed from the forest rapidly or treated with preservatives to avoid blue stain and borer attacks. It is recommended to leave the bark attached to logs. They float in water and thus can be transported by river. | |||
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| Although Coelocaryon preussii usually occurs scattered in the forest, it is quite widespread in different forest types including secondary forest. There are no indications that it is threatened by genetic erosion. | |||
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| Coelocaryon preussii and other Coelocaryon spp. may be interesting for further commercialization, providing timber that, although not durable, can be used for various purposes including veneer and plywood production. Their common occurrence in secondary forest formations may imply good prospects for sustainable production in natural forest, but research on growth rates, regeneration and proper management systems are needed. Phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of the bark are recommended to assess the value of medicinal applications. The seed may have commercial importance for the production of edible oil. | |||
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| • ATIBT (Association Technique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux), 1986. Tropical timber atlas: Part 1 – Africa. ATIBT, Paris, France. 208 pp. • Bolza, E. & Keating, W.G., 1972. African timbers: the properties, uses and characteristics of 700 species. Division of Building Research, CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia. 710 pp. • Burkill, H.M., 1997. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd Edition. Volume 4, Families M–R. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. 969 pp. • CIRAD Forestry Department, 2009. Ekoune. [Internet] Tropix 6.0. http://tropix.cirad.fr/ africa/ekoune.pdf. Accessed January 2011. • CTFT (Centre Technique Forestier Tropical), 1977. Ekoune. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 174: 27–39. • de Saint-Aubin, G., 1963. La forêt du Gabon. Publication No 21 du Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne, France. 208 pp. • Fouilloy, R., 1974. Myristicaceae. Flore du Cameroun. Volume 18. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. pp. 89–105. • Gilbert, G. & Troupin, G., 1951. Myristicaceae. In: Robyns, W., Staner, P., Demaret, F., Germain, R., Gilbert, G., Hauman, L., Homès, M., Jurion, F., Lebrun, J., Vanden Abeele, M. & Boutique, R. (Editors). Flore du Congo belge et du Ruanda-Urundi. Spermatophytes. Volume 2. Institut National pour l’Étude Agronomique du Congo belge, Brussels, Belgium. pp. 390–399. • Takahashi, A., 1978. Compilation of data on the mechanical properties of foreign woods (part 3) Africa. Shimane University, Matsue, Japan. 248 pp. • Vivien, J. & Faure, J.J., 1985. Arbres des forêts denses d’Afrique Centrale. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, Paris, France. 565 pp. | |||
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| • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors), 2006. Flore analytique du Bénin. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands. 1034 pp. • Christy, P., Jaffré, R., Ntougou, O. & Wilks, C., 2003. La forêt et la filière bois au Gabon. Projet Aménagement Forestier et Environnement, Libreville, Gabon. 389 pp. • Foahom, B., 2002. Insect pest incidence on timber tree species in natural forest in South Cameroon. Tropenbos-Cameroon Document 12. Tropenbos Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. 54 pp. • Fouilloy, R., 1965. Myristicacées. Flore du Gabon. Volume 10. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. pp. 83–101. • Fouilloy, R., 1972. Trois arbres nouveaux d’Afrique tropicale (Laur. – Myrist. – Sapind.). Adansonia, ser. 2, 12(4): 545–555. • Hawthorne, W. & Jongkind, C., 2006. Woody plants of western African forests: a guide to the forest trees, shrubs and lianes from Senegal to Ghana. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. 1023 pp. • Hubert, D., undated. Sylviculture des essences de forêts denses humides d’Afrique de l’Ouest. 187 pp. • Keay, R.W.J., 1989. Trees of Nigeria. A revised version of Nigerian trees (1960, 1964) by Keay, R.W.J., Onochie, C.F.A. & Stanfield, D.P. Clarendon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. 476 pp. • Maisonneuve, J.F. & Manfredini, M.L. (Editors), 1988. Ebène. Les bois du Gabon. Département de Sciences Naturelles, Institut Pédagogique National, Ministère de l’éducation nationale, Libreville, Gabon. pp. 68–69. • Neuwinger, H.D., 2000. African traditional medicine: a dictionary of plant use and applications. Medpharm Scientific, Stuttgart, Germany. 589 pp. • Onanga, M., Ekouya, A., Ouabonzi, A. & Itoua, G.B., 1999. Ethnobotanical, pharmacological and chemical studies of plants used in the treatment of ‘Mwandza’ dermatites. Fitoterapia 70: 579–585. • Pauwels, L., 1993. Nzayilu N’ti: guide des arbres et arbustes de la région de Kinshasa Brazzaville. Scripta Botanica Belgica. Volume 4. Jardin botanique national de Belgique, Meise, Belgium. 495 pp. • Raponda-Walker, A. & Sillans, R., 1961. Les plantes utiles du Gabon. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, France. 614 pp. • Sallenave, P., 1955. Propriétés physiques et mécaniques des bois tropicaux de l’Union française. Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent sur Marne, France. 129 pp. • Tailfer, Y., 1989. La forêt dense d’Afrique centrale. Identification pratique des principaux arbres. Tome 2. CTA, Wageningen, Pays Bas. pp. 465–1271. • Terashima, H. & Ichikawa, M., 2003. A comparative ethnobotany of the Mbuti and Efe hunter-gatherers in the Ituri forest, Democratic Republic of Congo. African Study Monographs 24(1–2): 1–168. • White, L. & Abernethy, K., 1997. A guide to the vegetation of the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. 2nd edition. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, United States. 224 pp. • Wilks, C. & Issembé, Y., 2000. Les arbres de la Guinée Equatoriale: Guide pratique d’identification: région continentale. Projet CUREF, Bata, Guinée Equatoriale. 546 pp. | |||
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| • Fouilloy, R., 1965. Myristicacées. Flore du Gabon. Volume 10. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. pp. 83–101. • Wilks, C. & Issembé, Y., 2000. Les arbres de la Guinée Equatoriale: Guide pratique d’identification: région continentale. Projet CUREF, Bata, Guinée Equatoriale. 546 pp. | |||
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| Jiofack Tafokou, R.B., 2011. Coelocaryon preussii Warb. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Louppe, D. & Oteng-Amoako, A.A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>. Accessed . | |||
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| General importance |  |
| Geographic coverage Africa |  |
| Geographic coverage World |  |
| Fruit use | |
| Timber use | |
| Medicinal use | |
| Vegetable oil use | |
| Food security | |
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