Daniellia oliveri

Family

Caesalpiniaceae (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae)

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Chromosome number

2n = 22

Synonyms

Vernacular names

West African copal tree, African copaiba balsam, Ilorin balsam, Accra copal, Benin gum copal (En). Arbre à vernis (Fr). Pau-incenso (Po).

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Origin and geographic distribution

Daniellia oliveri occurs from Senegal east to Sudan and Uganda.

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Uses

The wood, traded as ‘West African gum copal’ and ‘daniellia’, is used for light flooring, joinery, interior trim, furniture, boat building, toys, novelties, cattle-troughs, drums, bowls, rice-mortars, packing cases, draining boards, carvings, veneer, plywood, hardboard and particle board. However, the gum makes it rather too gummy for high-quality joinery and carvings. It is popular as firewood, as it has a fragrant smoke and is slow-burning. It is also made into charcoal. The wood has been used for paper making. The wood ash is sometimes used in soap production.
Large strips of bark are made into beehives. The resin or gum, traded as ‘gum copal’ and ‘African copaiba balsam’, is fragrant and is used as torch or as incense in religious ceremonies and to fumigate houses and clothes to chase insects. The gum is furthermore used to fix spearheads to the shaft. The powdered gum is applied to cloth the make it shiny, and it is applied to furniture as a polish or varnish, to make it shiny and more resistant to termites. It is not suitable for commercial furniture polish as it is not soluble in turpentine or alcohol. However, it can be esterified to produce a lacquer. In Nigeria drums are soaked in a solution of the gum, a treatment which deepens the tone.
The gum and stem bark, and to a lesser extent the roots and leaves, are widely used in traditional medicine. The gum, bark and leaves are burnt and the smoke inhaled to treat headache and migraine; the smoke is also used as mosquito repellent. The gum is chewed and swallowed as a purgative to treat diarrhoea. In Côte d’Ivoire the gum is considered aphrodisiac and diuretic, and it is chewed to treat cough, headache, tachycardia and painful menstruation. The gum is externally applied to treat itching skin and skin diseases. The gum and bark are taken in various preparations, internally and externally, and sometimes with other plant parts, to treat venereal diseases, ulcers and sores, circumcision wounds, leprosy, dysentery, colic, menstrual problems, cough, colds, angina, bronchitis, tuberculosis, kidney problems, appendicitis, headache, back-ache, rheumatism, fever pains, hernia, tooth-ache and snakebites. The root is considered diuretic and a decoction is taken to treat venereal diseases, absence of menses, anxiety, insanity, food poisoning and skin diseases. Leafy twigs are put in baths and used as vapour baths to treat fever and jaundice, and also as a tonic. A decoction of the leafy twigs with salt is taken as a purgative, to treat constipation and stomach-ache. A leaf bud infusion is taken to treat migraine and feverish pain in teething children. Pounded young leaves are applied to wounds, burns and abscesses to ripen them; they are also applied to painful parts of the body. A leaf decoction is gargled to treat toothache and drunk to treat colic. The large stipules are used to cover sores, ulcers and injuries, and are also used as tampon for menstruating women. In Burkina Faso sheep and goats are given a stem bark decoction to treat intestinal worms. In Nigeria the gum is applied to the skin of horses to treat mange.
The young leaves are eaten with condiments or cooked in soup, as famine food. The seeds and fruits are eaten occasionally as well. Cattle browse the leaves readily, and the leaves are used as fodder. From the roots excellent chew-sticks are made. The gum is sometimes chewed for its sweetness, or used as a filling in dental practices. It is also made into false amber beads. The bark is added to accelerate fermentation in brewing beer. Grilled branches are added to palm-wine to improve digestibility. The burnt bark is used to blacken the interior of pots. The tree is used in reforestation programmes, and is also planted as a windbreak and avenue tree. The leaves are used for mulching. The flowers are much visited by honey bees for nectar. In Ghana Daniellia oliveri is considered an indicator of underground water. Children wear a piece of gum around their neck as a charm against bad luck.

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Production and international trade

Daniellia oliveri is not important on the international timber market, but it is commonly used locally throughout its distribution area, similar to other Daniellia spp.

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Properties

The heartwood is red-brown, grey or red with dark streaks and is moderately clearly demarcated from the up to 8 cm wide, whitish sapwood with a pink or brown tinge. The grain is interlocked, texture medium to coarse. The wood is lustrous and contains a yellow or brown oleoresin.
The wood is lightweight to medium-weight, with a density of 510–680 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content, moderately soft but tough and strong. The shrinkage rates of the wood are moderate, from green to oven dry are 2.8–3.5(–5.6)% radial and 3.7–7.0(–9.3)% tangential. Air drying is fairly fast with little degrade. Once dry, the wood is moderately stable in service. At 12% moisture content, the modulus of rupture is 56–114 N/mm², modulus of elasticity 6280–9700 N/mm², compression parallel to grain 25–63 N/mm², shear 5–15 N/mm², cleavage 12–28 N/mm and Chalais-Meudon side hardness 1.2–3.4(–5.8).
The wood is easy to saw and work with both hand and machine tools, with little blunting effect on saw teeth and cutting edges. The wood stains satisfactorily but needs a filler before polishing. In general it nails and screws well and glues correctly. It can be readily peeled into veneer, but the veneer may warp during drying. The wood is not durable, being susceptible to attacks by fungi, termites, pinhole borers, Lyctus and marine borers. The heartwood is resistant to impregnation with preservatives and the sapwood has a variable permeability.
The wood contains 40.5–42% cellulose, 27.5–28% lignin, 18–19% pentosan and 0.8–1.0% ash. The solubility is 3.6–7.3% in alcohol-benzene, 2.3–4.2% in hot water and 19.4–20.2% in a 1% NaOH solution.
The gum from the heartwood is yellow to dark brown, oily and sticky. It is rich in essential oils (30–35%), and one of the main compounds is the diterpene oleoresin daniellic acid (illurinic acid), as well as ozic acid and the alcohol ozol. The essential oils from the leaves contain mainly sesquiterpenoids, with as major compounds δ-cadinene (24.2–31.1%) and α-copaene (7.0–8.3%). The flavonoid glycosides rutin, quercitrin and quercimeritrin were isolated from the leaves. The dried leaves contain c. 5.5% protein. The essential oil from the bark yielded only sesquiterpenoids, with as major compounds α-copaene (6.0–12.0%), germacrene D (4.5–79.5%) and δ-cadinene (25.5–29.8%). Tannins, saponins, and cyanogenetic and cardiac glycosides were also isolated from the bark. The seeds have a very high protein content of 33.4% and a moderately high carbohydrate content of 44.6%. The most abundant mineral in the seeds is Ca (263 mg/100 g), the least abundant minerals are Zn, Cu and Mn. Several compounds considered as anti-nutritional were also found to be present in low amounts, including cyanide, polyphenols, phytate and oxalate.
Hexane and methanol extracts of the bark were tested for analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Hexane extracts exhibited a dose-related analgesic activity in mice, and methanol extracts inflammatory properties in rats. Metabolic cage studies showed that the ethanol extract significantly decreased body weight, food intake, urine and stool output of rats. This extract also exhibited a competitive antagonism on histamine-induced contraction of the guinea pig ileum and a non-competitive inhibition of acetylcholine-induced contraction of the frog rectus abdominis muscle. An aqueous extract of the bark showed significant and dose-dependent anti-nociceptive activities when intraperitoneally injected in rats and mice. The extract showed a non-dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity. The effect was significant at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The LD₅₀ of a bark decoction in sheep was found to be 3500 mg/kg. The cardiac glycosides in the methanol bark extract showed to be non-competitive antagonists for muscarinic receptors. The methanolic leaf and bark extracts were found to possess neuromuscular blocking properties in rats.
Different water and ethanolic extracts of leaves, bark and roots showed moderate to significant antibacterial activity in vitro against a range of pathogenic bacteria. An ethanolic leaf extract also showed significant antifungal activity against Tricophyton rubrum. A crude bark extract showed significant and dose-dependent anthelmintic activity against the gastro-intestinal parasite Haemonchus contortus in vitro. A pot experiment showed that mulching with Daniellia oliveri leaves showed an inhibitory effect on the germination of soybean, cowpea, maize, sorghum and millet.

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Adulterations and substitutes

The wood of other West African Daniellia spp. is used for similar purposes as the wood of Daniellia oliveri.

Description

Deciduous, medium-sized tree up to 25(–35) m tall; bole straight and cylindrical, up to 200 cm in diameter, without buttresses; bark surface smooth, greyish white, becoming scaly in older trees, flaking off in large, circular patches, inner bark thick, deep red; crown dense, inversely cone-shaped; twigs glabrous. Leaves alternate, paripinnately compound with (3–)6–11 pairs of leaflets; stipules up to 6.5(–9) cm × 0.5 cm, soon falling; petiole (2–)2.5–3.5(–5.5) cm long, rachis (17–)24–33(–52) cm long, shallowly channelled, becoming quadrangular towards apex, sparsely short-hairy, with glands at insertion of leaflets; petiolules 3–15 mm long; leaflets opposite, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, up to 15(–21) cm × 7(–10) cm, basal and apical leaflets smaller than middle ones, base cuneate, asymmetrical, apex acuminate, papery to leathery, margins slightly wavy, sparsely to densely short-hairy to nearly glabrous, with few translucent glandular dots, pinnately veined with 9–17 pairs of lateral veins. Inflorescence an axillary or terminal compound raceme 15–20(–25) cm long, glabrous to densily hairy, with 6–16 lateral branches. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, scented; pedicel 7–13 mm long, glabrous, enlarging in fruit, below the middle with 2 caducous bracteoles c. 0.5 cm long; sepals 4, oblong, c. 1.5 cm long, glabrous but margins hairy; petals 5, white to creamy, unequal, ovate-elliptical, 4 petals 1–1.5 (–3) mm long and one c. 1 cm long, nearly glabrous, with few glandular dots; stamens 10, free, (2–)3–4 cm long; ovary superior, oblong-lanceolate, 0.5–1 cm long, glabrous, with stipe c. 0.5 cm long, style up to 3 cm long. Fruit an obliquely lanceolate, flattened pod 6–10 cm × 3–4.5 cm, with stipe c. 1 cm long, glabrous, green becoming brown, dehiscing with 2 papery valves, 1-seeded. Seeds obovoid-ellipsoid, flattened, 2–2.5 cm long, smooth, dark brown, attached to one of the valves by a 1–2 cm long funicle. Seedling with epigeal germination.

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Other botanical information

Daniellia comprises 10 species, which are nearly all confined to the forest areas of West and Central Africa, with only Daniellia oliveri extending to Sudan and Uganda.

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Anatomy

Wood-anatomical description (IAWA hardwood codes):
Growth rings: 2: growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Vessels: 5: wood diffuse-porous; 13: simple perforation plates; 22: intervessel pits alternate; 23: shape of alternate pits polygonal; 26: intervessel pits medium (7–10 μm); 27: intervessel pits large (≥ 10 μm); 29: vestured pits; 30: vessel-ray pits with distinct borders; similar to intervessel pits in size and shape throughout the ray cell; 42: mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina 100–200 μm; 43: mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina ≥ 200 μm; 46: ≤ 5 vessels per square millimetre; 47: 5–20 vessels per square millimetre; 58: gums and other deposits in heartwood vessels. Tracheids and fibres: 61: fibres with simple to minutely bordered pits; 66: non-septate fibres present; 69: fibres thin- to thick-walled. Axial parenchyma: (79: axial parenchyma vasicentric); 80: axial parenchyma aliform; 81: axial parenchyma lozenge-aliform; 83: axial parenchyma confluent; 89: axial parenchyma in marginal or in seemingly marginal bands; 91: two cells per parenchyma strand; 92: four (3–4) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays: 97: ray width 1–3 cells; 98: larger rays commonly 4- to 10-seriate; 106: body ray cells procumbent with one row of upright and/or square marginal cells; (107: body ray cells procumbent with mostly 2–4 rows of upright and/or square marginal cells); 115: 4–12 rays per mm. Storied structure: 118: all rays storied; 120: axial parenchyma and/or vessel elements storied; (121: fibres storied). Secretory elements and cambial variants: 127: axial canals in long tangential lines; 128: axial canals in short tangential lines.
(L. Awoyemi, P.E. Gasson & E.A. Wheeler)

Growth and development

Daniellia oliveri is considered a relatively fast-growing tree. In Mali seedlings reached 18 cm tall 10–15 weeks after sowing, and in Côte d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso 45 cm and 32 cm, respectively, 32 months after planting. Saplings had an average height of 90 cm in Côte d’Ivoire when 4.5 years old and 130 cm after 5.5 years, with a survival rate of 57%. In Mali root suckers reached 2.4 m tall after 5.5 years. In Côte d’Ivoire and Benin average increase in bole diameter is 6 mm/year, but in Burkina Faso growth rings up to 20 mm wide have been observed. Daniellia oliveri flowers during the first half of the dry season from October to March, usually when trees are leafless or are developing new leaves, and fruits from January to June.

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Ecology

Daniellia oliveri occurs in tree savanna, bush savanna and in more open grassland, on any type of soil, but often on sandy soils, from sea-level up to 1500 m altitude. It is often one of the dominant trees in more humid savanna and may locally constitute nearly pure stands, e.g. in temporarily flooded localities in the Sahel region. It is sometimes found on termite mounds. It is resistant to fires if these are not too frequent and not too late in the dry season.

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Propagation and planting

Daniellia oliveri is a light-demanding species. Natural regeneration is often well. There are about 600 seeds per kg. The seed is liable to insect attack and ash should be added during storage to prevent damage. It should be soaked in water for 72 hours before sowing. The germination rate is 75–95% in 2–3 weeks. Growth in the nursery is slow and irregular. Transplanting of seedlings is not very successful; tap roots are formed rapidly, and frequent pruning of the roots is essential for successful planting. In Côte d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso the best survival rate 3 years after planting was 60%, but in most cases it was less than 20%. Seeds may also be sown directly into the field. Daniellia oliveri can also be propagated by root suckers.

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Management

Weeding after transplanting is needed because of the slow growth of seedlings. As Daniellia oliveri produces many root suckers, many small trees are often found together. It can be coppiced. In Ghana it is being planted experimentally to provide fodder for cattle. It can be pruned regularly for fodder.

Diseases and pests

Daniellia oliveri is an alternative host of leaf spot of shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn.), caused by Pestalotia spp. Leaves are frequently eaten by elephants and baboons.

Harvesting

The resin or gum is extracted by removing a part of the bark or by cutting a hole to the heart of the bole, after which the resin starts flowing. When fire is made in the hole, the process is accelerated, but this practice can kill small trees.

Yield

In natural woodland in Côte d’Ivoire, trees with a mean bole diameter of 80 cm had an average yield of 2.25 m³ of log wood and 3.4 m³ of firewood. The firewood yield and the profitability of a traditional Daniellia oliveri short-rotation coppice on fallow lands in northern Benin increased significantly when weeding was done three times during 42 months, when total biomass reached on average 3.67 t/ha of dry matter in weedy plots and 11.63 t/ha in weed-free plots. Most of the biomass was marketable in local markets.

Handling after harvest

Logs should be processed soon after felling or treated with preservatives to avoid fungal and insect attacks.

Genetic resources and breeding

Daniellia oliveri has a large but irregular distribution, and is locally common, often gregarious. It is therefore not considered to be threatened by genetic erosion, although no information is available on its current exploitation for timber and firewood, and as medicinal plant.

Prospects

Daniellia oliveri is an important timber tree in the drier forest zone of West Africa, as it is fast-growing, fairly large and its wood is easy to work. It has a range of other uses, and especially its gum and bark are extensively used medicinally. More research is needed, however, on the pharmacology of the gum and bark to evaluate their potential. At this moment the antibacterial and anthelmintic activities seem promising. More information is also needed concerning its potential as a fodder plant.

Major references

• Arbonnier, M., 2004. Trees, shrubs and lianas of West African dry zones. CIRAD, Margraf Publishers Gmbh, MNHN, Paris, France. 573 pp.
• Avohou, T.H., Houehounha, R., Glele-Kakai, R., Assogbadjo, A.E. & Sinsin, B., 2011. Firewood yield and profitability of a traditional Daniellia oliveri short-rotation coppice on fallow lands in Benin. Biomass and Bioenergy 35(1): 562–571.
• Baerts, M. & Lehmann, J., 2012. Daniellia oliveri. [Internet] Prelude Medicinal Plants Database. Metafro-Infosys, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium http://www.metafro.be/prelude. Accessed January 2012.
• Bolza, E. & Keating, W.G., 1972. African timbers: the properties, uses and characteristics of 700 species. Division of Building Research, CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia. 710 pp.
• Burkill, H.M., 1995. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd Edition. Volume 3, Families J–L. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. 857 pp.
• de la Estrella, M., Aedo, C., Mackinder, B. & Velayos, M., 2010. Taxonomic revision of Daniellia (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae). Systematic Botany 35(2): 296–324.
• Katende, A.B., Birnie, A. & Tengnäs, B., 1995. Useful trees and shrubs for Uganda: identification, propagation and management for agricultural and pastoral communities. Technical Handbook 10. Regional Soil Conservation Unit, Nairobi, Kenya. 710 pp.
• Neuwinger, H.D., 2000. African traditional medicine: a dictionary of plant use and applications. Medpharm Scientific, Stuttgart, Germany. 589 pp.
• Oteng-Amoako, A.A. (Editor), 2006. 100 tropical African timber trees from Ghana: tree description and wood identification with notes on distribution, ecology, silviculture, ethnobotany and wood uses. 304 pp.
• Takahashi, A., 1978. Compilation of data on the mechanical properties of foreign woods (part 3) Africa. Shimane University, Matsue, Japan. 248 pp.

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Other references

• Adama, K., Gaston, B.A.M., Hamidou H.T., Amadou, T. & Laya, S., 2009. In vitro anthelmintic effect of two medicinal plants (Anogeissus leiocarpus and Daniellia oliveri) on Haemonchus contortus, an abosomal nematode of sheep in Burkina Faso. African Journal of Biotechnology 8(18): 4690–4695.
• Adubiaro, H.O., Olaofe, O. & Akintayo, E.T., 2011. Chemical composition, calcium, zinc and phytate interrelationships in Albizia lebbeck and Daniellia oliveri seeds. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry 10(7): 2523–2530.
• Ahmadu, A., Kaita, H.A., Garba, M. & Yaro, A.H., 2003. Antispasmodic actions of the leaves of Daniellia oliveri. Nigerian Journal of Natural Product and Medicine 7: 13–15.
• Ahmadu, A, Haruna, A.K., Garba, M., Ehinmidu, J.O. & Sarker, S.D., 2004. Phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of the Daniellia oliveri leaves. Fitoterapia 75(7–8): 729–732.
• Balogun, E.A. & Adebayo, J.O., 2007. Effect of ethanolic extract of Daniella oliveri leaves on some cardiovascular indices in rats. Pharmacognosy Magazine 3(9): 16–20.
• Bellefontaine, R., Edelin, C., Ichaou, A., du Laurens, D., Monsarrat, A. & Loquai, C., 2000. Le drageonnage, alternative aux semis et aux plantations de ligneux dans les zones semi-arides: protocole de recherches. Sécheresse 11(4): 221–226.
• CTFT (Centre Technique Forestier Tropical), 1955. Fiche botanique, forestière, industrielle et commerciale: Faro (Daniellia spp.). Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 44: 17–20.
• El Mahmood, A.M., Doughari, J.H. & Chanji, F.J., 2008. In vitro antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Nauclea latifolia and Daniella oliveri. Scientific Research and Essays 3(3): 102–105.
• Hayashi, Y. & Carsky, R.J., 1997. Effect of use of savanna tree leaves as mulch materials on germination and growth of selected annual crop seedlings. Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture 41(1): 14–21.
• Kaboré, A., Tamboura, H.H., Traoré, A., Traoré, A., Meda, R., Kiendrebeogo, M., Gaston, B.A.M. & Sawadogo, L., 2010. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity of two medicinal plants (Anogeissus leiocarpus and Daniellia oliveri) used in traditional veterinary medicine in Burkina Faso. Archives of Applied Science Research 2(6): 47–52.
• Louppe, D. & Ouattara, N., 1996. Station Kamonon Diabaté (Korhogo), résultants des mensurations de 1996. Institut des Forêts, Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire. 54 pp.
• Louppe, D., M’Bla, K. & Coulibaly, A., 1994. Tarifs de cubage pour Daniellia oliveri en forêt de Badénon (Nord Côte d’Ivoire). IDEFOR-DFO, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. 16 pp. + annexes.
• Menut, C., Lamaty, G., Bessière, J.M., Ayedoun, M.A., Setondji, J., Samate, D. & Nacro, M., 1994. Aromatic plants from tropical West Africa. II. Volatile constituents of Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch and Dalz. from Benin and Burkina Faso. Journal of Essential Oil Research 6(6): 647–649.
• Onwukaeme, N.D., 1995. Pharmacological activities of extracts of Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. and Dalz. (Leguminosae). Phytotherapy Research 9(4): 306–308.
• Onwukaeme, N.D., Lot, T.Y. & Udoh, F.V., 1999. Effects of Daniellia oliveri stem bark and leaf extracts on rat skeletal muscle. Phytotherapy Research 13(5): 419–421.
• Osakwe, I.I., Steingass, H. & Drochaner, W., 2004. Daniellia oliveri as a fodder tree for small ruminant and the interaction of its tannin with ruminal ammonia. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 31(1): 56–64.
• Schwob, I., Viano, J., Bessiere, J.M. & Haddad, C., 2008. Comparison of essential oil composition of Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch et Dalz. (Caesalpiniaceae) leaves from Senegal and Ivory Coast. Journal of Essential Oil Research 20(2): 155–157.
• SEPASAL, 2012. Daniellia oliveri. [Internet] Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) database. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. http://www.kew.org/ ceb/sepasal/. Accessed February 2012.
• Taïta, P., 2000. La biodiversité des espèces spontanées utilisées dans l’alimentation et la pharmacopée dans la région de la réserve de biosphère de la Mare aux Hippopotames. In: Actes du Forum National de la Recherche Scientifique et des Innovations Technologiques (FRSIT), 3–8 avril 2000, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Tome 2. Sécurité alimentaire. pp. 77–95.
• Wilczek, R., Léonard, J., Hauman, L., Hoyle, A.C., Steyaert, R., Gilbert, G. & Boutique, R., 1952. Caesalpiniaceae. In: Robyns, W., Staner, P., Demaret, F., Germain, R., Gilbert, G., Hauman, L., Homès, M., Jurion, F., Lebrun, J., Vanden Abeele, M. & Boutique, R. (Editors). Flore du Congo belge et du Ruanda-Urundi. Spermatophytes. Volume 3. Institut National pour l’Étude Agronomique du Congo belge, Brussels, Belgium. pp. 234–554.

Afriref references

Sources of illustration

• Brenan, J.P.M., 1967. Leguminosae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. In: Milne-Redhead, E. & Polhill, R.M. (Editors). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations, London, United Kingdom. 230 pp.
• Eggeling, W.J. & Dale, I.R., 1951. The indigenous trees of the Uganda Protectorate. Government Printer, Entebbe, Uganda. 491 pp.

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Author(s)

•	G.H. Schmelzer PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands
•	D. Louppe CIRAD, Département Environnements et Sociétés, Cirad es-dir, Campus international de Baillarguet, TA C 105 / D (Bât. C, Bur. 113), 34398 Montpellier Cédex 5, France

Editors

•	R.H.M.J. Lemmens PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands
•	D. Louppe CIRAD, Département Environnements et Sociétés, Cirad es-dir, Campus international de Baillarguet, TA C 105 / D (Bât. C, Bur. 113), 34398 Montpellier Cédex 5, France
•	A.A. Oteng-Amoako Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), University P.O. Box 63, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana

Associate editors

•	E.A. Obeng Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), University P.O. Box 63, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana

Photo editor

•	G.H. Schmelzer PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands

Correct citation of this article

Schmelzer, G.H. & Louppe, D., 2012. Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Louppe, D. & Oteng-Amoako, A.A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>. Accessed .

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