Allanblackia parviflora

Family

Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)

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Chromosome number

2n = 56

Synonyms

Vernacular names

Vegetable tallow tree (En). Ouotéra (Fr).

Origin and geographic distribution

Allanblackia parviflora occurs in the forest zone from Guinea and Sierra Leone to Ghana.

Uses

The seeds of Allanblackia parviflora yield a solid fat used in cooking. Recently, the international food industry became interested in the fat as a natural solid component for margarines and similar products. The seeds are used as bait in traps for small game. In Ghana latex from the bark is used as pitch. The wood, called ‘lacewood’ in Liberia, is locally used, e.g. in house construction for walls, doors and window frames. In Ghana small trees are used as poles, pit props and bridge piles. The trees are often retained when land is cleared for cocoa production. Because of their relatively small crown, they are valued as shade trees. Small twigs are used as chew sticks or tooth picks. The pounded bark is rubbed on the body to relieve pain. In Côte d’Ivoire a decoction of the fruit pulp is used to relieve elephantiasis of the scrotum.

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Production and international trade

An international market chain for seed of Allanblackia spp., including that of Allanblackia parviflora is being established. It is estimated that Ghana produced about 50 t of allanblackia oil in 2006.

Properties

The dry seeds contain per 100 g about: water 6 g, energy 2700 kJ (648 kcal), protein 4 g, fat 64 g, carbohydrate 24 g, fibre 3 g, Ca 122 mg, P 169 mg. The fatty acid composition of the fat is approximately: stearic acid 45–58% and oleic acid 40–51%. Only traces of other fatty acids are present. Its composition and relatively high melting point (35°C) makes the fat a valuable raw material that can be used without transformation to improve the consistency of margarines, cocoa butter substitutes and similar products.
The wood of Allanblackia parviflora is pinkish beige. The grain is fairly straight, texture medium to coarse. The wood has little lustre.
The density is 660–900 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content. The rates of shrinkage during drying are moderately high: from green to oven dry 4.1% radial and 10.1% tangential. At 12% moisture content, the modulus of rupture is 103–140 N/mm², modulus of elasticity 6900–15,800 N/mm², compression parallel to grain 43–53 N/mm², cleavage 12–20 N/mm, Janka side hardness 9050 N and Janka end hardness 9500 N. The wood is easy to work and takes a smooth finish.

Adulterations and substitutes

The fats from the seeds of Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. and Allanblackia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. are very similar in composition to that of Allanblackia parviflora.

Description

Evergreen, dioecious medium-sized tree up to 25(–33) m tall; bole straight, cylindrical, up to 80 cm in diameter, without buttresses; bark surface yellowish brown or reddish brown, with small, irregular scales, inner bark reddish brown with sometimes pale yellow streaks, exuding a colourless or pale yellowish sap; crown narrow, with short horizontal branches. Leaves opposite, simple and entire; stipules absent; petiole 1–1.5 cm long, grooved above; blade elliptical to narrowly obovate, 12–25 cm × 5–9 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate, thinly leathery, glabrous, shiny above, pinnately veined with numerous lateral veins. Inflorescence a terminal raceme or panicle with strongly reduced branches or flowers single or in pairs in leaf axils. Flowers unisexual, regular, 5-merous, pinkish to reddish or white, fragrant; pedicel 1–3 cm long; sepals ovate or obovate, unequal, 6–18 mm × 4–15 mm, glabrous; petals obovate, c. 20 mm long, glabrous; male flowers with numerous stamens in 5 bundles opposite the petals, obtriangular, c. 18 mm long, anthers arranged on the internal face of the bundle, disk star-shaped with smooth or slightly folded glands; female flowers with superior, incompletely 5-celled ovary and sessile stigma. Fruit a large, ellipsoid berry 10–50 cm × c. 15 cm, with 5 longitudinal ridges, brown warty, 40–100-seeded. Seeds ovoid, c. 3 cm × 2 cm × 1.5 cm, enclosed by a pinkish aril. Seedling with hypogeal germination; epicotyl 4–5 cm long.

Other botanical information

Allanblackia comprises about 10 species and is restricted to tropical Africa. Allanblackia parviflora is sometimes considered a synonym of Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. However, their areas of distribution are disjunct, the latter occurring from Benin and Nigeria east to eastern DR Congo. The two species are very similar, but Allanblackia floribunda can be distinguished by the folded disk glands of the male flowers and longer pedicel.

Growth and development

In Sierra Leone trees flower in April–June and fruits mature in January–February. In Côte d’Ivoire flowering is from December to September with a peak in March and mature fruits are found almost throughout the year. Branches are brittle and often break due to strong winds.

Ecology

Allanblackia parviflora is most abundant in the wet evergreen forest zone, especially on slopes and away from disturbed areas. It is less common in semi-deciduous forest. It is common on strongly leached, acid soils with pH 3.8–4.1.

Propagation and planting

Natural regeneration is affected by seed predation and collection. Multiplication by seed is difficult as germination is extremely slow and may take 24–30 months. Methods of multiplication using cuttings and grafting are being developed.

Management

An inventory in the wet evergreen Mabi forest of Côte d’Ivoire found 150 trees per km² in the diameter class above 10 cm; in the very wet Yaya forest in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire 600 trees per km² were recorded. In evergreen forest in Ghana it occurs at estimated densities of 200 trees of 30–80 cm bole diameter per km². The total number of trees in this class in Côte d’Ivoire was estimated at over 1 million (or 8 trees per ha), in Liberia the number was estimated at 4 million trees.
Efforts are underway to domesticate this species, but at present all seed is collected from wild stands or trees retained in farmland.
In production forest Allanblackia parviflora is considered a weed and sometimes eradicated.

Harvesting

The degree of maturity of fruits on the tree can not be estimated; therefore mature fruits are left to drop to the ground and are then collected. The fruits and seeds are eaten by many wild animals and losses are great unless mature fruits are collected frequently. The harvesting season coincides with labour demands on the farm or with the harvest season for other forest products. For individual groups of trees the fruiting season is shorter and preliminary work indicates that collection of fruits from wild stands can be economical. A collection, marketing and processing chain aiming at export of the fat is being developed in Ghana.

Handling after harvest

Fruits are stored under a cover of leaves to allow the fruit pulp to disintegrate. To extract the seeds, fruits are crushed between the hands and seeds are rubbed clean. To extract the fat, seeds are dried and crushed; the resulting mass is mixed with water and boiled until the fat separates and floats to the surface, from where it is scooped off. More modern hydraulic and screw press equipment is now also used.

Genetic resources and breeding

Allanblackia parviflora is widespread and although rainforest areas are decreasing, it is not considered vulnerable.

Breeding

Selection of high-yielding trees for seed collection and vegetative multiplication has started recently.

Prospects

Demand for the fat of Allanblackia spp. is likely to remain strong. If efforts of domestication are successful, Allanblackia parviflora or one of the related large-fruited Allanblackia species may become a promising crop in the rainforest zone of Africa. Collection of seed from wild stands is possible, but its economical viability is poor, except possibly in areas where Allanblackia parviflora is most common.

Major references

• Aubréville, A., 1959. La flore forestière de la Côte d’Ivoire. Deuxième édition révisée. Tome deuxième. Publication No 15. Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne, France. 341 pp.
• Busson, F., 1965. Plantes alimentaires de l’ouest Africain: étude botanique, biologique et chimique. Leconte, Marseille, France. 568 pp.
• de Koning, J., 1983. La forêt de Banco. Part 2: La Flore. Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 83–1. Wageningen, Netherlands. 921 pp.
• Irvine, F.R., 1961. Woody plants of Ghana, with special reference to their uses. Oxford University Press, London, United Kingdom. 868 pp.
• Leung, W.-T.W., Busson, F. & Jardin, C., 1968. Food composition table for use in Africa. FAO, Rome, Italy. 306 pp.
• Savill, P.S. & Fox, J.E.D., 1967. Trees of Sierra Leone. Forest Department, Freetown, Sierra Leone. 316 pp.
• van Rompaey, R., 2003. Distribution and ecology of Allanblackia spp. (Clusiaceae) in African rain forests. [Internet] Report to Unilever Research Laboratories, Vlaardingen. http://www.iucn.nl/ nederlands/leden/partners/werkgroepen/bossen/documenten/ 061004%20Distibution%20and%20ecology%20of%20Allanblackia%20spp%20(Clusiaceae)%20in%20African%20rain%20forests.pdf. Accessed November 2006.
• World Agroforestry Centre, undated. Agroforestree Database. [Internet] World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/ Sites/TreeDBS/ aft.asp. Accessed January 2007.

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Other references

• Bamps, P., 1969. Notes sur les Guttiferae d’Afrique tropicale 4: Revision du genre Allanblackia Oliv. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 39: 345–372.
• de la Mensbruge, G., 1966. La germination et les plantules des essences arborées de la forêt dense humide de la Côte d’Ivoire. Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne, France. 389 pp.
• Ofori, D.A., Peprah, T., Siaw, D. & Cobbinah, J.R., 2006. Domestication of Allanblackia in Ghana. Paper presented at the Workshop on extending cacao for biodiversity conservation, held at FORIG, Kumasi, Ghana, 14th–18th August 2006.

Afriref references

Sources of illustration

• Busson, F., 1965. Plantes alimentaires de l’ouest Africain: étude botanique, biologique et chimique. Leconte, Marseille, France. 568 pp.
• de la Mensbruge, G., 1966. La germination et les plantules des essences arborées de la forêt dense humide de la Côte d’Ivoire. Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne, France. 389 pp.

Author(s)

•	C. Orwa World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 30677-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
•	L.P.A. Oyen PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands

Editors

•	H.A.M. van der Vossen Steenuil 18, 1606 CA Venhuizen, Netherlands
•	G.S. Mkamilo Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania

General editors

•	R.H.M.J. Lemmens PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands
•	L.P.A. Oyen PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands

Photo editor

•	A. de Ruijter PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands

Correct citation of this article

Orwa, C. & Oyen, L.P.A., 2007. Allanblackia parviflora A.Chev. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. van der Vossen, H.A.M. & Mkamilo, G.S. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>. Accessed .

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